2005 Optimization of vortex shedding in 3D wakes using belt actuators

This paper discusses the control of cylinder wakes via tangential wall velocity modifications. The wall velocity is piecewise constant (corresponding to belt actuators), and its amplitude is optimized using a clustering real coded genetic algorithm. This type of control significantly affects the vortical structures being shed in the wake, and it is shown that the flow gets significantly modified, resulting in a 3-dimensional body shedding 2-dimensional vortical structures