4Current address: InternationalCentre of Ecology, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Bezka

We analysed data on territory marking with urine, scats, and ground scratching by wolves (Canis lupus) belonging to four packs in the Biaowie Çza Primeval Forest, Poland. The aims were to determine: (1) seasonal variation in the marking rates, (2) signi cance of various kinds of marking in territory demarcation, and (3) relationshipbetween spatial distributionof wolves ’ marking and their use of territory. Continuous radio-tracking and subsequent snow trackingof the collaredwolves were the main methods. Deposition rates of scats showed little variation in time and space, whereas rates of urine marking and ground scratching showed large seasonal and spatial variation. Wolf marking rates with urine and ground scratching were highest during the cold season (October-March) and peaked during the mating season, in January and February.Marking intensitydid not growwith the number of wolves in a pack, and per capita rates of marking were highest in wolves travelling singly or in pairs. Mean marking rates per km of wolf trail were low in the core areas of territories, and increased 2) Corresponding author’