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he exploitation of active immunisation may be particularly favourable for Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 17Several advances in basic research and novel conceptual formulations of the links between the innate and adaptive immune systems have encouraged a new push for immuno-therapy in cancer [1,2]. First, clear evidence for immune surveillance in malignancy has been established in model systems that implicate T cells, natural killer cells (NK), NKT and B cells with an important role for the gamma-interferon response pathways in these processes [3–5]. of tumour-associated antigens (TAAs) including over- or selectively expressed normal molecules (differentiation, oncofoetal antigens), viral and tumour-specific antigens including mutated products (sometimes functional elements of the transformed state) [6–9] (Table 1). These TAA targets have spawned many novel approaches to potentially manip