Ontologies, Semantic Maps and Cognitive Scheme

What are specific relations between Web-semantic and ontology (Uschold, 2005)? What is an ontology of a domain? What are the relations between texts relative to a domain and an ontology of this domain? How to build an ontology from texts (Aussenac-Gilles et al., 2005)? In our approach of these questions, we consider that there are different levels of ontologies: (i) ontology of a domain; (ii) ontology of relations that leads to a “semantic map ” for structuring the ontology of a domain; (iii) general ontology, or “upper ontology”, that gives formal semantic representations of concepts, definitions by combining semantic primitives and inference rules. The aim of this paper is to introduce, for further discussions, clear and formal distinctions between three levels of “ontology”: the ontology specific to a domain with first-level-concepts an