A different kind of child development institution: The history of after-school programs for low-income children

Over the past decade politicians and policy makers, the media, child development professionals, and parents have focused increasing attention on the after-school hours of children aged 6 to 14, coming to view this daily time period as one of unusual “risk and opportunity ” (Hofferth 1995). Attention to the after-school hours has led in turn to renewed interest in a longstanding child development institution, after-school programs, particularly those serving low- and moderate-income children. This article examines the historical development of after-school programs serving low-income children, including objectives and practices in each era, formative influences, implementation challenges, and role in children’s lives. In a final section. the author discusses the current pressures facing the after-school field and suggests an appro-priate set of purposes and expectations for the coming years. One boys ’ club is worth a thousand policemen’s clubs. Jacob Riis ~cited in BWR 1918b! It is not what the boy does to the wood but what the wood does to the boy