Institutions

This paper reviews the evolution of the Japanese banking sector and the development of the banking crisis in Japan in the context of “too big to fail. ” It describes the deterioration of the Japanese financial sector caused by the bad loan problems and the failure of policymakers to get a grip on the underlying problems. Even at the start of the new century, Japanese policymakers still continue to struggle to find the right policy response to tackle the banking problems and how to avoid moral hazard behavior intertwined with “too big to fail ” concerns. The increasing concentration in the Japanese banking industry, which is now dominated by five huge financial conglomerates, should make it more difficult to definitely end “too big to fail ” in Japanese prudential policy. I