Temporal sensitivity of bovine embryos to culture environment after fertilization and the implications for blastocyst quality

The aim of this study was to examine the temporal sensi-tivity of bovine embryos to culture environment after ferti-lization to determine which period, if any, is most critical in determining blastocyst quality. Bovine zygotes produced in vitro were divided into six groups and cultured either in vitro (in synthetic oviductal fluid, SOF), in vivo (in the ewe oviduct) or in a combination of both systems. Devel-opment to the blastocyst stage, the ability of the blastocysts to withstand cryopreservation and the relative abundance of several gene transcripts were examined. Culture in SOF for either 2 or 4 days, followed by subsequent culture in the ewe oviduct, resulted in a significantly lower yield of blastocysts than did all other methods, the effect being most marked in embryos that were cultured in SOF for 4 days. In contrast, culture in vivo for the first 2 or 4 days after fertilization followed by culture in vitro did not have such a marked effect on blastocyst development. Blasto-cysts produced after culture in the oviduct for 6 days had the highest rates of survival over 72 h after warming (100% survival at 24 h;>95 % survival at 72 h). The embryos that spent the last 4 days of culture in vivo also had relativel