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Objective: The sources of knowledge of ancient Egyptian medicine include: medical papyri, paleopathology, art, and hieroglyphic carvings. The purpose of this study is to examine the practice of urology in ancient Egypt utilizing various sources including the Edwin Smith and Ebers Papyri. Materials and Methods: A brief overview of the medical system in ancient Egypt is completed in addition to an examination of the training and specialization of the physician in the ancient world. Urologic diseases treated in ancient Egypt and some of the first documented urologic surgeries are presented. Finally we look at the role of the physician-priest and the intertwined use of religion and magic in ancient Egyptian medicine. Results: The same medical conditions urologists see in the office today were methodically documented thousands of years ago. Medical papyri show evidence that the ancient Egyptians practiced medicine using scientific method based on clinical observation of disease. This is exemplified by the Edwin Smith Surgical Papyrus,