ZnO Nanostructures for Dye-S

in the past, it is expected that new technology could make them more practical and price competitive with fossil fuels, thus enabling an eventual transition away from fossil fuels as our primary energy sources. Solar energy is considered to be the ultimate solution to the energy and environmental challenge as a carbon-neutral energy source. The conversion from solar energy to electricity is fulfilled by solar-cell devices based on the photovoltaic effect. Many photovoltaic devices have already been developed over the past five decades.[1–3] However, wide-spread use is still limited by two significant challenges, namely conversion efficiency and cost.[4–6] One of the traditional photovoltaic devices is the single-crystalline silicon solar cell, which was invented more than 50 years ago and currently makes up 94 % of themarket.[7] Single-crystalline silicon solar cells operate on the principle of p–n junctions formed by joining p-type and n-type semiconductors. The electrons and holes are photogenerated at the interface of p–n junctions, separated by the electrical field across the p–n junction, and and have high opti demonstrated sing 16–32%.[19] Although or compound sem efficiency for practica to meet the long-term To aim at further lo solar cells (DSCs) ba dyes or metallorgan promising approach DSCs are a photoele porous-structured ox photosensitized ano (FTO) glass acts as liquid electrolyte that serves as a conductor to electrically connect the two electro-des.[20–25] During operation, photons captured by the dye monolayer create excitons that are rapidly split at the nanocrys-injected into the uples in the liquid ventional single-tor thin-film solar otovoltaic and cost btained o