The functional importance of parasites in animal communities: many roles at many levels

Past research on parasites and community ecology has focussed on two distinct levels of the overall community. First, it has been shown that parasites can have a role in structuring host communities. They can have dierential eects on the dierent hosts that they exploit, they can directly debilitate a host that itself is a key structuring force in the community, or they can indirectly alter the phenotype of their host and change the importance of the host for the community. Second, certain parasite species can be important in shaping parasite communities. Dominant parasite species can directly compete with other parasite species inside the host and reduce their abundance to some extent, and parasites that alter host phenotype can indirectly make the host more or less suitable for other parasite species. The possibility that a parasite species simultaneously aects the structure of all levels of the overall community, i.e. the parasite community and the community of free-living animals, is never considered. Given the many direct and indirect ways in which a parasite species can modulate the abundance of other species, it is conceivable that some parasite species have functionally important roles in a community, and that their removal would change the relative composition of the whole community. An example from a soft-sediment intertidal community is used to illustrate how the subtle, indirect eects of a parasite species on non-host species can be very important to the structure of the overall community. Future community studies addressing the many potential influences of parasites will no doubt identify other functionally important parasite species that serve to maintai