CHEMICAL RECOGNITION OF PARTNER PLANT SPECIES BY FOUNDRESS ANT QUEENS IN Macaranga–Crematogaster MYRMECOPHYTISM

Abstract—The partnership in the Crematogaster–Macaranga ant–plant interac-tion is highly species-specific. Because a mutualistic relationship on a Macaranga plant starts with colonization by a foundress queen of a partner Crematogaster species, we hypothesized that the foundress queens select their partner plant species by chemical recognition. We tested this hypothesis with four sympatric Macaranga species and their Crematogaster plant-ant species. We demonstrated that foundress Crematogaster queens can recognize their partner Macaranga species by contact with the surface of the seedlings, that they can recognize compounds from the stem surface of seedlings of their partner plant species, and that the gas chromatographic profiles are characteristic of the plant species. These findings support the hypothesis that foundress queens of the Cremato-gaster plant-ant species select their partner Macaranga species by recognizing nonvolatile chemical characteristics of the stem surfaces of seedlings. Key Words—partner-plant selection, partner-plant recognition, ant–plant inter-actions, mutualism, chemical recognition, myrmecophyte, ant dispersal, insect– plant coevolution. ⁄To whom correspondence should be addressed