Rejection of micropollutants by membrane filtration

There is currently great interest in the removal of hazardous micropollutants to concentrations in the lower level than microgram per litter. For example, endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are exogenous substances which interfere with the normal function of hormones at very low concentration in human body. Many people and animals have been contaminated with EDCs taken in through water and food. Membrane technology is to be expected for one of the best way to concentrate the micro-pollutants in water and wastewater prior to the degradation of them. The effort to reduce the cost of energy required for reverse osmosis (RO) operation have led to the development of low pressure reverse osmosis (LPRO) membranes, categorically nanofiltration, for operation under very low pressure (below 0.5 MPa). Furthermore, the ultra-low pressure reverse osmosis (ULPRO) membranes, which are a new type of nanofiltration membrane, have received attention especially for their application in the field of water purification and wastewater treatment. Nanofiltration and ULPRO remove not only inorganic pollutants but also organics under lower pressure. In addition, the application of those membran