The Pech-de-l’Aze ́ I Neandertal child: ESR, uranium-series, and AMS 14C dating of its MTA type B context

The Pech-de-l’Aze ́ I skull and mandible are included in the juvenile Neandertal remains from Europe. However, some preserved features in the cranial skeleton seem to distinguish the specimen from other Neandertal children. Unfortunately, the stratigraphic position and dating of this child has never been clear. Our recent work on unpublished archives show that the Pech-de-l’Aze ́ I Neandertal child was discovered at the bot-tom of layer 6, attributed to the Mousterian of Acheulean tradition type B. These skull and mandible are the first diagnostic human remains (aside from an isolated tooth) attributed to the Mousterian of Acheulian tradition (MTA) type B. Consequently, we confirm that Neandertals were the makers of this Mousterian industry, which is characterized by unusual high frequencies of Upper Paleolithic type tools, elongated blanks and blades. We were able to date the context of the hominid remains by dating layer 6 and the layers above and beneath it using ESR, coupled ESR/230Th/234U (coupled ESR/U-series), and AMS 14C. Coupled ESR/U-series results on 16 mammalian teeth constrain the age of the uppermost layer 7 to 41e58 ka, and layer 6 to 37e51 ka. The wide spread in each age estimate results mainly from uncertainties in the gamma-dose rate. These ages are concordant with AMS 14C ages of two bones coming from the top of layer 6, which provide dates of about 41.7e43.6 ka cal BP. A combination of stratigraphic arguments and dating results for layers 6 and 7 show that the Neandertal child cannot be older than 51 ka or younger than 41 ka. The lowermost layer 4 is shown to be older than 43 ka by the principle of superposition and ESR dating in the immediately overlying layer 5. This study shows that the MTA type B had been manufactured by Neandertals befor