Application of physical chemistry in product develop- ment

Synopsis--Basic physical-chemical theories are related to FORMULATION PARAMETERS. Designing a product on the basis of these principles aids the chemist in understanding the mechanisms involved, and enables him to modify and alter the physical features and chemical properties of the product to be marketed. The effects of ELECTROKINETIC PHENOM-ENA and of CRITICAL MICELLE CONCENTRATION on a variety of product types are discussed in a manner which provides guidance for future work. The physical-chemical princi-ples of EMULSION formulation are discussed and related to emulsion separation, creaming, and graininess. Particle size, pigment wetting, particle-particle aggregation, and adhesion are related in a physical-chemical manner to typical COSMETIC PRODUCTS. Shelf-life determinations and performance characteristics are demonstrated to be associated with several of these prin-ciples