Approval and disapproval: Infant responsiveness to vocal affect in familiar and unfamiliar languages. Child Development,64

sense English and 3 unfamiliar languages, German, Italian, and Japanese. Dependent measures were looking-time to the side of stimulus presentation, and positive and negative facial affect. No consistent differences in looking-time were found. However, infants showed small but significant differences in facial affect in response to ID vocalizations in every language except Japanese. Infants smiled more to Approvals, and when they showed negative affect, it was more likely to occur in response to Prohibitions. Infants did not show differential affect in response to Approvals and Prohibitions in AD speech. The results indicate that young infants can discriminate affective vocal expressions in ID speech in several languages and that ID speech is more effective than AD speech in eliciting infant affect. Research on the development of infants' responsiveness to emotional expressions has taught us much less about how infants listen to voices than about how they look at faces. Although early investigators suggested that young infants smile earlier to voices than to faces (Wolff, 1963) and respond differen-tially to positive and negative affect in the voice (Buhler & Hetzer, 1928; Lewis, 1936/ 1951), recent research on infants ' perception of emotion has focused primarily on the face. The majority of microanalytic studies of mother-infant communication have coded maternal facial expression and gaze while neglecting vocal expression (e.g., Fogel, 1982; Malatesta, Grigoryev, Lamb, Albin, & Culver, 1986), or limiting vocal measures to amount of speech, verbal content, or timing of vocalizations (e.g.. Field, 1977; Lamb