BRIDGE DAMAGE SURVEY IN BANDA ACEH AND SURROUNDING AREAS AND EARTHQUAKE AND TSUNAMI QUESTIONNAIRES

Bridge surveys show the condition of bridges near the seashore in Banda Aceh city. The bridge decks were slightly displaced (inland direction). Calculations show that the minimum water velocity capable of displacing the decks is around 13.4 km/hour. In fact, the tsunami run up velocity is larger than the minimum velocity above. However, since the deck movements were not uniform in the lateral direction, they were locked to each other and prevented from being washed away. However, bridges along the west coast of Aceh Provinces were mostly washed away. They were experiencing direct and much higher tsunami runoff. One result of the questionnaire is the seismic intensity. The intensity is estimated at 5.52 or 6 − in Japanese Meteorological Agency scale (or around VIII in the MMI scale) in Banda Aceh city. Other questionnaires consist of questions asking their experience during and after the earthquake and tsunami. One important result is that even if people had started running away just after the big earthquake, the percentage of expected survivors would have been less than 100%, according to the respondents. The practical implication is that education, socialization (software) and escape structures, warning system, wave resisting structures (hardware) are among important factors for people to be safer against future earthquake and tsunami attacks