Sources of Superlinearity in Davenport-Schinzel Sequences

A generalized Davenport-Schinzel sequence is one over a finite alphabet that contains no subsequences isomorphic to a fixed forbidden subsequence. One of the fundamental problems in this area is bounding (asymptotically) the maximum length of such sequences. Following Klazar, let Ex(σ, n) be the maximum length of a sequence over an alphabet of size n avoiding subsequences isomorphic to σ. It has been proved that for every σ, Ex(σ, n) is either linear or very close to linear; in particular it is O(n2α(n) O(1)), where α is the inverse-Ackermann function and O(1) depends on σ. However, very little is known about the properties of σ that induce superlinearity of Ex(σ, n). In this paper we exhibit an infinite family of independent superlinear forbidden subsequences. To be specific, we show that there are 17 prototypical superlinear forbidden subsequences, some of which can be made arbitrarily long through a simple padding operation. Perhaps the most novel part of our constructions is a new succinct code for representing superlinear forbidden subsequences.