Toward a unified stratification theory: Structure, genome, and status across human societies

While social scientists and geneticists have a shared interest in the personal char-acteristics instrumental to status attainment, little has been done to integrate these disparate perspectives. This is unfortunate, as the perspectives offer complementary insights, which, if properly combined, stand to substantially improve understanding of the stratification process. This article synthesizes research from the social sci-ences and genetics to develop a multistage theory of how social structure moderates the influence of the genome on status outcomes. Its thesis is that the strength of the genome’s influence on status is primarily moderated by two properties of so-cial structure—levels of resource inequality and social mobility. Thus, it is theorized that under conditions of low inequality and high social mobility, the influence of the genome on status will be high relative to conditions of high inequality and low social mobility. The essential logic is (1) as inequality increases, the characteristics and abilities intrinsically useful in status attainment are increasingly influenced by individuals ’ social backgrounds and decreasingly determined by their genomes; and (2) as social closure and inequality increase, the utility of these characteristics an