The Parana-Etendeka province

Etendeka flood basalts indicate that the main magmatic episode lasted for several m.y. (129-134 Ma) and was linked to the northward opening of the South Atlantic Ocean, but with some earlier magmatism (135-138 Ma) found inland far from the eventual oceanic rift. The regional distribution of distinct high-TiN (Urubici, Pitanga, Paranapanema, Ribeira) and low-TiN (Gramado, Esmeralda) magma types in the lavas and associated dyke swarms implies that magma generation occurred over a wide area and involved different mantle sources. Low MgO contents (3-7 wt%) indicate extensive fractional crystallisation, and upper crustal assimilation was important in the evolution of the Gramado magmas. However, Parani basalts that are considered to be uncontaminated by crust have trace element and isotope characteristics (e.g. N b L a < 0.8; ENA < 0) and major element features that appear to require mantle sources distinct from those of oceanic basalts. The minor, late-stage, Esmeralda magma type is an exception, requiring a component from incompatible-element-depleted asthenosphere. The role of the Tristan mantle plume appears to hav