Reversible Photocontrol of DNA Binding by a Designed GCN4-bZIP Protein†

ABSTRACT: Synthetic photocontrolled proteins could be powerful tools for probing cellular chemistry. Several previous attempts to produce such systems by incorporating photoisomerizable chromophores into biomolecules have led to photocontrol but with incomplete reversibility, where the chromophore becomes trapped in one photoisomeric state. We report here the design of a modified GCN4-bZIP DNA-binding protein with an azobenzene chromophore introduced between Cys residues at positions 262 and 269 (S262C, N269C) within the zipper domain. As predicted, the trans form of the chromophore destabilizes the helical structure of the coiled-coil region of GCN4-bZIP, leading to diminished DNA binding relative to wild type. Trans-to-cis photoisomerization of the chromophore increases helical content and substantially enhances DNA binding. The system is observed to be readily reversible; thermal relaxation of the chromophore to the trans state and concomitant dissociation of the protein-DNA complex occurs with ô1/2 10 min at 37 °C. It appears that conformational dynamics in the zipper domain make the transition state for isomerization readily available so that retention of reversible switching is observed. Using light to control the activity of biomolecules is an attractive strategy for probing interactions in complex living systems. Photosensitive biomolecules can be introduced int