1 Systems-Level Space Environment Specification for Satellite

The shorter-term variable impact of the Sun’s photons, solar wind particles, and interplanetary magnetic field upon the Earth’s environment that can adversely affect technological systems is colloquially known as space weather. It includes, for example, the effects of solar coronal mass ejections, solar flares and irradiances, solar and galactic energetic particles, as well as the solar wind, all of which affect Earth’s magnetospheric particles and fields, geomagnetic and electrodynamical conditions, radiation belts, aurorae, ionosphere, and the neutral thermosphere and mesosphere during perturbed and quiet levels of solar activity. We present a summary of two ongoing activities to understand, then mitigate, space weather risks and their impacts to operational systems. The first activity we report on is the development of a flare evolution model for predicting flare rise, timing and magnitude of peak fluxes, and decay to background levels. Secondly, we report on the ongoing development of the ISO 21348 “Process for Determining Solar Irradiances” standard. These two activities will help mitigate risks to operational technological systems from solar irradiances which can adversely affect operational space weather systems. Nomenclature EUV = extreme ultraviolet solar irradiances (10 – 121 nm) λ = spectral irradiance wavelength designator nm = nanometer (derived SI unit of length