1 Cross-National Differences in Participating in Tertiary Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics Education1

In many western countries attention is currently being given to the participation of students in tertiary Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) education. This is a result of internationally competing economic ambitions, coupled with acute shortages on the STEM labour market, a declining interest among students for STEM education and a long-lasting under-representation of women. However, despite similarities concerning policy attitudes and identified problems, western countries differ considerably from each other concerning the percentages of students that choose STEM education and the proportion of female students included here. Based on an in-depth study in Sweden, the UK, the US and the Netherlands, this article investigates the reasons for these cross-national differences. The result is an overview of the social context and system features that explain the general and sex-specific STEM choic