The ecosystem as a multidimensional concept: Meaning, model, and metaphor. Ecosystems

The ecosystem is a fundamental ecological concept that is not as simple as it first appears. We explore three key dimensions of the concept that make it both complex and broadly useful—its basic defini-tion, its application via models to concrete or spe-cific situations, and its metaphorical connotations as used in general communication within the do-main of science and with the public at large. Clarity in identifying what the dimensions are and how they are related can help to maintain the rigor of the concept for specific scientific uses while also allowing enough flexibility for its use in the inte-gration of scientific principles, as well as in public discourse. This analysis of the ecosystem as a mul-tidimensional concept is likely to be generalizable to other important concepts in ecology. Key words: ecosystem concept; ecosystem defini-tion; metaphor; model; specification; values