Multithreading: A revisionist view of dataflow architectures

Although they are powerful intermediate representations for compilers, pure dataflow graphs are incomplete, and perhaps even undesirable, machine languages. They are incomplete because it is hard to encode critical sections and imperative operations which are essential for the efficient execution of operating system functions, such as resource management. They may be undesirable because they imply a uniform dy-namic scheduling policy for all instructions, preventing a compiler from expressing a static schedule which could result in greater run time efficiency, both by reducing redundant operand synchronization, and by using high speed registers to communicate state between instructions. In this paper, we develop a new machine-level program-ming model which builds upon two previous improvements to the dataflow execution model: sequential scheduling of instructions, and multiported registers for expression tem-poraries. Surprisingly, these improvements have required al-most no architectural changes to explicit token store (ETS) dataflow hardware, only a shift in mindset when reasoning about how that hardware works. Rather than viewing com-putational progress as the consumption of tokens and the firing of enabled instructions, we instead reason about the evolution of multiple, interacting sequential threads, where forking and joining are extremely efficient. Because this new paradigm has proven so valuable in coding resource manage-ment operations and in improving code efficiency, it is now the cornerstone of the Monsoon instruction set architecture and macro assembly language. In retrospect, this suggests that there is a continuum of multithreaded architectures, with pure ETS dataflow and single threaded von Neumann at the extrema. We use this new perspective to better under-stand the relative strengths and weaknesses of the Monsoon implement ation.