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Perceptual filling-in can be used as an effective tool to probe the character of visual representations. For example, does perceptual filling-in imply that the brain ‘reconstructs ’ the visual scene, thus supporting the percept reported by subjects? For instance, is the bright triangle perceived in Fig. 1A caused by an associated pattern of firing in topo-graphically organized visual areas, such as cortical area V2? Or are more ‘cogni-tive ’ or symbolic processes (which are, to be sure, also associated with under-lying neural processes) involved? For instance, in Figs 1B and 1C are our per