Acquired and inherited thrombophilia: implication in recurrent IVF and embryo transfer failure

BACKGROUND: The objective of this study was to determine the incidence of undiagnosed thrombophilic factors and its relation to IVF and embryo transfer failure in women who have had three or more previous IVF–embryo transfer cycles. METHODS: The study group comprised of 90 consecutive women with three or more previously failed IVF–embryo transfer cycles (group A). Two control groups were enrolled: group B (n = 90) included women who have had successful pregnancy after their first IVF–embryo transfer cycle, and group C (n = 100) included women who conceived spontaneously with at least one uneventful pregnancy and no previous history of miscarriage. All women were tested for the presence of inherited [factor V Leiden (FVL) mutation, prothrombin mutation, meth-ylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) mutation and deficiencies in proteins S and C and antithrombin III] or acquired (lupus anticoagulant and anticardiolipin) thrombophilic factors. RESULTS: An increase in the incidences of FVL, MTHFR and antiphospholipid antibodies was found in the study group compared with the two control groups. At least one inherited or acquired thrombophilic factor was detected in 68.9 % of women with repeated IVF failure compared with 25.6 and 25 % in the groups B and C, respectively (P < 0.01). Combined thrombophilia (two o