Article info Keywords: Obstructive azoospermia Non obstructive azoospermia

Context: Sperm retrieval in combination with IVF/ICSI is the onlymedical procedure for an azoospermic man to father a child. Different techniques, especially testicular sperm extraction (TESE), have evolved over time and have dramatically improved the outlook for men with testicular azoospermia. However sperm retrieval rates are associated not only with the operation proposed but especially with a distinct pattern of prognostic factors that must be effectively managed for all these infertile patients for their best benefit. Objectives: To review the etiology, clinical work-up including operative techniques, and prognostic factors for testicular sperm retrieval in azoospermicmen tomaximin clinical benefit by these procedures. Evidence Acquisition: Data from basic and clinical studies with a defined, standar-dized approach pre- and postoperatively were analyzed. Evidence Synthesis: Different standardized surgical techniques can be offered to extract spermatozoaof azoospermicmen fromeither theepididymis and/or the testi