Treaty of Klamath Lake reserved for the Klamath Tribes more

than two million acres of “the Klamath heartlands, including upper Klamath and Agency Lakes, as well as the Williamson and Sprague drainages. ” Th e remaining 21 million acres (ceded lands) became property of the U.S. Government, as described by the scholar Th eodore Stern. A combination of survey errors, fraud and various federal Indian policies reduced the reservation to 1.1 million acres, which ultimately became the Klamath Tribes ’ Reservation. In spite of the signifi cant land loss, the Klamath Tribes created a prosperous timber, ranching and farming economy, and the Klamath were frequently referred to as “the second wealthiest Tribe in the nation ” prior to termination. Th e U.S. Army and the Indian Service began to log big pines in riverside groves and established sawmills on the Williamson River. Th e fi rst sawmill was constructed in the 1870s and its revenues paid the expenses of Tribal government and supported a medical clinic for the Klamath Tribes. By 1896, timber sales to parties outside of the reservation totaled approximately a quarter-million board feet. With the arrival of the railroad in 1911, reservation timber became extremely valuable and the economy of Klamath County was, in part, sustained by it for decades. In 1913, infl uenced by progressive-era forester Giff ord Pinchot, the U.S. Indian Service and the Klamath Tribes began a systematic program of sustained-yield logging on Klamath lands to produce income for the Tribes. At an annual cut that averaged 111 million board feet, the harvest produced an annuity for each Tribal member. Th ree-quarters of th