Function and Redundancy of the Chaplin Cell Surface Proteins in Aerial Hypha Formation, Rodlet Assembly, and Viability in

The chaplins are a family of eight secreted proteins that are critical for raising aerial hyphae in Streptomyces coelicolor. These eight chaplins can be separated into two main groups: the long chaplins (ChpA to-C) and the short chaplins (ChpD to-H). The short chaplins can be further subdivided on the basis of their abilities to form intramolecular disulfide bonds: ChpD,-F,-G, and-H contain two Cys residues, while ChpE has none. A “minimal chaplin strain ” containing only chpC, chpE, and chpH was constructed and was found to raise a substantial aerial mycelium. This strain was used to examine the roles of specific chaplins. Within this strain, the Cys-containing ChpH was identified as the major polymerization unit contributing to aerial hypha formation and assembly of an intricate rodlet ultra-structure on the aerial surfaces, and the two Cys residues were determined to be critical for its function. ChpC augmented aerial hypha formation and rodlet assembly, likely by anchoring the short chaplins to the cell surface, while ChpE was essential for the viability of wild-type S. coelicolor. Interestingly, the lethal effects of a chpE null mutation could be suppressed by the loss of the other chaplins, the inactivation of the twin arginine translocation (Tat) secretion pathway, or the loss of the rodlins. The gram-positive soil-dwelling streptomycetes have a my-celial growth habit that culminates in the formation of dor