Within and Between Gender Disparities in Income and Education Benefits from Democracy (Updated version). Older version IZA Discussion Paper No

There is data evidence that welfare has improved post democratic reform in Nigeria. However, the distribution or concentration of the benefits in subgroups of the population is unknown. In this paper, the question of differential welfare impacts, across and within gender, post democratic reform in Nigeria is explored. I test two null hypotheses. First, there is no disparity in the income and returns to education benefits of democratic reform across gender in Nigeria. Second, there are no within gender disparities in the impact of democratic reform on in-come and returns to education in Nigeria. From the results, both null hypotheses are rejected. Though men and women benefitted from reforms post democracy, economically significant within and between gender differences exist. ∗This research has received funding partly from the Center for African Studies University of California, Berkeley. I am especially thankful for comments received from conference participants at the SEA an-nual conference 2007. Adebayo Aromolaran and Nosa Nwosu were instrumental in securing the datasets. Of course, all remaining errors are mine. Comments are appreciated. Please direct correspondence t