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za,* nhaus u Uni rm 6 rate again to b rved a spa he h the host species characterized by a lower recovery rate can invade the territory of its competitor. Finally, we study these dynamics in host fitness, subject to possible metabolic and reproduc-each other in a number of ways. For example, they can compete for shared resources. Competition can have a about by a pathogen which is shared. This concept is Two host species shared a common parasitoid but were not allowed to interact directly. While both single host– ARTICLE IN PRESSvariety of outcomes, such as the exclusion of species. parasitoid interactions were stable in separation, one species was excluded when the parasitoid was shared. Several examples of species exclusion in the wild have been attributed to apparent competition, where two host species are thought to share a parasite which i