ology in response

mented a correlation between earlier spring phenology and rising temperatures in recent years, but have found surface temperatures increased by 0.28C per decade [23]. In Review TRENDS in Ecology and Evolution Vol.22 No.7differing effects on the end of the growing season [10,11]. Global change experiments have also documented the influence of increasing temperature, shifting precipitation and other aspects of global change, such as rising CO2 concentrations on the timing of species and ecosystem-level phenology [12–15]. Finally, recent advances in species-specific phenological models now enable research-ers to scale from local to regional shifts in phenology [16], as well as to predict shifts in species ranges in response to changing environmental conditions [17], and use histori-cal records of harvest dates to reconstruct past climate [18]