Social Network Analysis and Systems Change

The paper provides a methodological discussion of how the sociometric method of network analysis can provide a robust analytic technique for understanding complex human systems. Framed within Churchman’s notion of “sweeping in ” approaches from various disciplines, applications of social network analysis are discussed in terms of their usefulness in systems planning and redesign. The authors argue that this method provides a means for understanding systems from their own points of view. In other words, the method provides the actors within a system a rigorous construct by which they can define their interrelationships. Once the system is mapped, positions of influence and strength can be determined as points for initiating intervention and diffusing innovation. This provides both an effective and efficient avenue for systems change. The discussion begins with an overview of how systems methodology evolves, drawing in rigorous scientific methods (Churchman’s “sweep-in ” process). The parallel development of sociometry as a means for understanding complex social systems is then presented. The intellectual goals of the sociometry are tied to the pragmatic goals of systems science. The notion of “authenticity ” is then discussed in terms of the role of who defines the system. The role of the participative methods in creating understanding and ownership is explored. Network analysis is presented as a systems approach that brings structure to the analytic phase of systems redesign. In Ackoff’s terminology, it provides another way to “formulate the mess. ” A detailed overview of the mechanics of network analysis is then provided. The tools for information gathering and the computer-based analytic tools required are discussed at length. Actual socio-grams of complex systems developed by the authors are used as examples. The paper concludes with a discussion of application. This includes how the method can be used within a single organization and within communities of organizations. It also addresses how the tool can be used to foster organizational learning, factors contributing to efficient intervention, and means for charting systems development over time