Self-esteem across the lifespan

Two studies examined the rank-order stability of self-esteem from age 6 to 83: Study 1 was a meta-analysis of 50 published articles (N 29,839) and Study 2 analyzed data from 4 large national studies (N 74,381). Self-esteem showed substantial continuity over time (disattenuated correlations ranged from the.50s to.70s), comparable to the stability found for personality traits. Both studies provided evidence for a robust developmental trend: Self-esteem stability was low during childhood, increased throughout adolescence and young adulthood, and declined during midlife and old age. This trend could not be explained by age differences in the reliability of self-esteem measures, and generally replicated across gender, ethnicity, self-esteem scale, nationality (U.S. vs. non-U.S.), and year of publication. Global self-esteem is one of the most frequently studied vari-ables in psychology. Research has linked high self-esteem to many positive outcomes, including occupational success (e.g., Bachma