342 ACTA METEOROLOGICA SINICA VOL.21 Macro- and Micro-Structures of Heavy Fogs and Visibility in the

Belonging to the southern subtropical moist type of monsoon climate, the Nanling mountainous area experiences heavy fogs whenever quasi-stationary fronts appear there from September to May. There can be as many as 15-18 days of heavy fogs per month. Fogs have more serious consequences in the Lechang-Ruyuan section of the Beijing-Zhuhai Expressway (the longest expressway in China) that passes through the main part of the Nanling Mts., where the road rises from 200 m to more than 800 m above sea level (ASL). For a major motorway in the mountainous areas of Nanling Mts., two multidisciplinary integrated eld observations were carried out, which measured visibility by the naked eyes, visibility by instrument, spectrum of fog-drops, liquid water content (LWC) of fog, tethered sounding, dual-parameter low-level sounding, turbulence diusion within fog layers, aerosol spectra of size and composition, sampled fog water compositions, and sampled rainwater compositions. Typical cases were probed for their analyses of synoptics, micro- and macro-structures and microphysics. It is understood that heavy fogs take place with high frequency in the area and bring about serious consequences. Being typical advection and upslope fogs, they are in essence low-lying clouds appearing at high altitudes, which are closely related with the activity of South China frontal processes, especially the South China quasi-stationary fronts, and re ect on the role of local terrai