ALARMCALLING IN THREE SPECIES OF MARMOTS by

Many species produce alarm calls that vary according to situation. Theoretically, alarm call structure could covary with predator type and could communicate potentially “referential” information, or calls could covary with the degree of risk a caller experienced when it emitted a call. Using similar methods, I studied the ways in which Olympic (Marmota olympus), hoary (M. caligata), and Vancouver Island marmots (M. vancouverensis) communicated situational variation. I observed both natural alarm calling, and I arti cially elicited alar