EMDR for panic disorder with agoraphobia: Comparison with waiting list and credible attention-placebo control conditions

In a randomized controlled trial, eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) for panic disorder with agoraphobia (PDA) was compared with both waiting list and credible attention-placebo control groups. EMDR was significantly better than waiting list for some outcome measures (questionnaire, diary, and interview measures of severity of anxiety, panic disorder, and agoraphobia) but not for others (panic attack frequency and anxious cognitions). However, low power and, for panic frequency, floor effects may account for these negative results. Differences between EMDR and the attention-placebo control condition were not statistically significant on any measure, and, in this case, the effect sizes were generally small (η 2 =.00—.06), suggesting the poor results for EMDR were not due to lack of power. Because there are established effective treatments such as cognitive—behavior therapy for PDA, these data, unless contradicted by future research, indicate EMDR should not be the first-line treatment for this disorder. Although a relatively new and still controversial treatment, eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR; Shapiro, 1995) has spawned research concerning its efficacy and active elements