Three-Dimensional Electromechanical Mapping: Imaging in the Operating Room of the Future

mapping has previously been shown to be a clinically important tool for cardiac imaging and intervention. We hypothesized that this technology may be beneficial as an intraoperative modality for assessing cardiac hemody-namics and viability during cardiac surgery. We report here the use of this technology as an imaging modality for intraoperative cardiac surgery. Methods. The tip of a locatable catheter connected to an endocardial mapping and navigating system is accurately localized while simultaneously recording local electrical and mechanical functions. Thus the three-dimensional geometry of the beating cardiac chamber is reconstructed in real time. The system was tested on 6 goats that underwent acute dynamic cardiomyoplasty and on 5 dogs that underwent left anterior descending (LAD