Independent Consultant,

The issues surrounding the question of atomicity, both in the past and nowadays, are briefly reviewed, and a picture of an ACID (atomic, consistent, isolated, durable) transaction as a refinement problem is presented. An example of a simple air traffic control system is introduced, and the discrepan-cies that can arise when read-only operations examine the state at atomic and finegrained levels are handled by re-trenchment. Non-ACID timing aspects of the ATC example are also handled by retrenchment, and the treatment is gen-eralised as the retrenchment Atomicity Pattern. The utility of the pattern is confirmed against a different case study, the Mondex Electronic Purse.