trends in biosensor research and development

Trends in biosensor esearch and development are described. Micromachining techniques have been applied to construct biosensor systems. Several detection units for flow injection analysis have been fabricated. An elec-trochemical f ow cell was fabricated, and both an enzyme immobilized column and an electrochemical detector were integrated. A chemiluminescence d tector was also fabricated. Biosensor systems for clinical analyses in the toilet have been developed. A quartz crystal oscillator was used for protein detection, and a thermistor was employed as a thermal detector esulting from the enzyme reaction. An injectable biosensor for rapid measurement has been developed, and the determination of sugars in fruits was carried out. Glucose ocdase was immobilized for the determination of gh~cose, and three enzymes, invertase, mutarotase and glucose oxidase, were immobilized for the sucrose sensor. Microbiosensors using carbon fiber microelectrodes have been applied to neuroscience. Micro acetylcholine s nsors based on acetylcholine esterase and choline oxidase were fabricated and characterized. Micro glutamate sensors were also fabricated using platinized carbon fiber electrodes which were modified with glutamate oxidase. The micro glutamate sensor was applied to the detection of glutamate r leased from the neurons