Using expert systems to build cognitive simulations

Cognitive simulations are runnable computer programs for modeling human cognitive activities. Traditionally used to develop expert and learner models for intelligent tutoring systems, building simulations are also effective learning activities in psychology-related courses. Using inexpensive and easy-to-use expert system shells, students can develop simulations of cog-nitive processes. This article reports a case study where expert systems were used as a formalism for modeling metacognitive processes in a seminar. Building cognitive simulations engages intensive introspection, ownership, and meaning making in learners who build them