Creation of nanostructures to study the topographical dependency of protein adsorption

Nanostructures of sizes comparable to protein dimensions are created on Si and Ti surfaces by local anodic oxidation (LAO) using the atomic force microscope (AFM). The characterization of the surface by X-ray photoelec-tron spectroscopy (XPS) reveals that this method assures a modification of the topography of the surface without a change of its chemical composition. Surfaces structured by LAO therefore represent ideal systems to study the dependence of protein adsorption on topography. We are able to visualize the created nanostructures with an AFM and successively adsorb the proteins in situ, rinse and image the new surface. The densities of adsorbed proteins on the nanostructured and neat surfaces are compared and we find that the protein arrangement depends on the underlying nanostructures, showing that proteins can ‘‘sense’ ’ the topography of surfaces at the nanometer scale. This result can be considered as the nanoscale analogous of the adsorption found for cell systems on micromete