Dual-surface integral equations in electromagnetic scattering

Computational electromagnetics relies heavily on surface integral equations for the efficient calculation of scat-tering from perfectly electrically conducting (PEC) bodies. The magnetic-field integral equation (MFIE) and electric-field integral equation (EFIE) are applied only to the surface current of the scatterer and thus require a number of unknowns proportional to the surface area in square wavelengths of a three-dimensional (3-D