NEGATIVE SKIN FRICTION AND SETTLEMENT OF PILES

A relative movement between a pile and a soil produces shear stress along the interface of the pile and the soil. Such movement can be induced by a push-load on the pile pressing it down into the soil, or by a pull-load moving it upward. ` A relative movement can also be induced when the soil settles in relation to the pile, or, in swelling soils, when the soil moves upward i