Changes in peer and parent influence during adolescence: Longitudinal versus cross-sectional perspectives on smoking initiation

The current study used a longitudinal design to investigate age-related changes in the magnitude of peer and parent influences on adolescent cigarette smoking. Both peer and parent influences were significant predictors of subsequent transitions to higher levels of smoking. However, unlike previous cross-sectional research, the magnitude of peer and parent influences did not significantly vary across the 6th- to 1 lth-grade levels. Additional analyses were undertaken to explore possible explanations for the differences between results produced by cross-sectional and longitudinal approaches. Implications for the study of transitions across the life span are discussed. Many researchers have pointed to the significance of peer and parent influences on a wide range of behaviors during adoles-cence. For example, peers and parents have been found to influ-ence moral socialization (Brody & Shaffer, 1982), adolescent "problem behaviors " (Jessor & Jessor, 1977), and adolescents' adaptation to environmental transition (Chiriboga, 1984). In the field of substance use, previous research has been reviewed by Glynn (1981), who concluded that both peer and parent influ