Inertial Mass of Charged Elementary Particles

Inertial mass and its property of momentum are derived from electrodynamic effects on the spinning charged ring model of elementary particles. By this result, a foundation is laid for Newton's laws of mechanics—without assuming intrinsic mass or non-causal actions at a distance. Internal structure of elementary particles is deduced, and the measured mass values for elementary particles require the charge distributed near the surface to have a finite thickness approximately equal to 0.174 percent of the particle's thickness dimension. INERTIAL MASS An important property of matter is its tendency to maintain momentum, and a body in motion maintains its velocity unless an external force is applied. External forces can accelerate or decelerate matter in accordance with Newton's second law of motion: F ma = ()1 where m represents inertial mass. Gravitational mass and inertial mass are distinct properties of matter that originate by fundamentally different mechanisms and relate to different forces. The force of gravity is a