of Toulosue and we thank all the participant for their comments. We are also grateful

When educational policy is supplemented by a redistributive income tax, and when individuals differ in their ability to benefit from education, the optimal policy is typically rather regressive. Resources are concentrated on the most able individuals in order to get a “cake ” as big as possible to share among individuals through income taxation. In this paper we put forward another reason to push for regressive education. It is not linked to heterogeneity in innate ability to benefit from education but to pervasive non-convexities that arise in the optimal income tax problem when individual productivities are endogenous. For simplicity we assume a linear education technology and a given total education budget. To give the equal wage outcome the best chance to emerge, we also assume that individuals have identical learning abilities. Nevertheless, it turns out that in the first-best inequality is always preferable to equality. Even more surprisingly, this conclusion remains valid in the second-best (unless ad hoc restriction on the feasible degree of a wage differentiation. are imposed). This is in spite of the fact that wage equalization would eliminate any need for distortionary income taxation