bone disease; secondary hyperparathyroidism.

The term “renal osteodystrophy ” encompasses alltypes of metabolic bone disease found in dialysis patients. Bone is a dynamic tissue, constantly being remodelled. Bone turnover is tightly regulated by nu-merous hormones and cytokines, of which parathy-roid hormone (PTH) is the most important. OVERVIEW OF RENAL OSTEODYSTROPHY High-turnover bone disease can either be osteitis fibrosa cystica, owing to secondary hyperparathyroid-ism, or mixed uremic lesion, with features of high turn-over plus mineralization abnormalities. Persistent and severe hyperparathyroidism owing to hyperphospha-temia, hypocalcemia, and low levels of calcitriol can lead to osteitis fibrosa cystica. Control of those factors is critical for prevention and treatment. Low-turnover bone disease can either be osteoma