Month/Month year PROCEEDINGS of the NPA 1 Time Standards and Particle Interactions in a Fractal Universe, with Remarks on Gravity*

A fractal particle is a three-dimensional, standing-wave pattern. This paper examines how fractal parti-cles can become shorter in wavelength — and vibrate faster — with the passage of time. ‘Absolute ’ time is de-fined independently of particles, and hence is unchanging. ‘Relative ’ time is based on the period of oscillation of fractal particles; it changes relative to the age of a fractal universe. In this paper, a simple, elegant equation is derived to correlate these two time standards, and calculate the age of our universe. I show here how particle interactions are possible: the standing wave around a source particle interacts with the maximum energy den-sity at the core of a test particle, resulting in a redirection of energy, i.e., a force. For a test particle starting at rest, this electrostatic force increases the kinetic energy of the test particle. Repulsion between like-particles and attraction between unalike-particles is explained by the cylindrical or spherical symmetries of fractal particles. Gravitational attraction occurs because, as particle wavelengths become shorter with time, a portion of the en-ergy stored around the test particle gradually is released in a way that causes an attractive force. *From Storrs 2005 1