Processing reduced word-forms in speech perception using probabilistic knowledge about speech production

Two experiments examined how Dutch listeners deal with the effects of connected-speech processes, specifically those arising from word-final /t / reduction (e.g., whether Dutch [tas] is tas, bag, or a reduced-/t / version of tast, touch). Eye movements of Dutch participants were tracked as they looked at arrays containing 4 printed words, each associated with a geometrical shape. Minimal pairs (e.g., tas/tast) were either both above (boven) or both next to (naast) different shapes. Spoken instructions (e.g., “Klik op het woordje tas boven de ster, ” [Click on the word bag above the star]) thus became unambiguous only on their final words. Prior to disambiguation, listeners ’ fixations were drawn to /t/-final words more when boven than when naast followed the ambiguous sequences. This behavior reflects Dutch speech-production data: /t / is reduced more before /b / than before /n/. We thus argue that probabilistic knowledge about the effect of following context in speech production is used prelexically in perception to help resolve lexical ambiguities caused by continuous-speech processes